From A to Z: The Ultimate Glossary for Vietnamese Artists to Elevate Their Craft
Art terminology encompasses a wide range of terms and concepts that are essential for understanding and appreciating the world of art. From the basic elements of art to more complex theories and movements, having a solid grasp of art terminology is crucial for anyone interested in the field. Some fundamental terms include line, shape, form, color, texture, and space.
These elements are the building blocks of visual art and are used by artists to create their work. Understanding these terms allows viewers to analyze and interpret art more effectively.
In addition to the basic elements of art, there are also various principles that guide the creation and appreciation of art. These principles include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity. These principles help artists create visually appealing and meaningful compositions, and they also provide viewers with a framework for understanding and critiquing art.
Furthermore, art terminology also includes concepts related to art criticism and analysis, such as perspective, composition, and symbolism. These terms are essential for discussing and interpreting the meaning and significance of artworks.
Techniques and Mediums
Artists use a wide variety of techniques and mediums to create their work. Techniques refer to the methods and processes used to create art, while mediums refer to the materials used to make art. Some common techniques include drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture, and photography.
Each of these techniques requires different skills and tools, and artists often specialize in one or more of these areas. For example, painters may use techniques such as blending, glazing, or impasto to create different effects in their work.
Techniques (Kỹ thuật):
| English | Vietnamese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Chiaroscuro | Tối sáng | The treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting. |
| Collage | Tranh cắt dán | A technique of composing a work of art by pasting on a single surface various materials. |
| Encaustic | Sơn bằng sáp nóng | Painting with pigments mixed with hot wax. |
| Etching | Khắc axit | A kind of engraving in which the design is incised in a layer of wax. |
| Fresco | Tranh tường | Painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with water-based pigments. |
| Glaze | Men | In painting, a thin transparent or semi-transparent layer on a painting. |
| Grisaille | Tranh xám | A monochrome painting done entirely in shades of grey. |
| Impasto | Bột màu dày | Painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible. |
| Intaglio | Khắc lõm | The family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface. |
| Lithography | In thạch bản | A printmaking technique based on the repulsion of oil and water. |
| Mosaic | Tranh khảm | The art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. |
| Perspective | Phối cảnh | The art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other. |
| Pointillism | Điểm họa | A technique of painting using tiny dots of various pure colors. |
| Relief (sculpture) | Chạm nổi | Sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. |
| Sfumato | Kỹ thuật làm mờ nét vẽ | A smokelike haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting. |
| Stippling | Chấm | The creation of a pattern simulating varying degrees of solidity or shading by using small dots. |
| Trompe-l’oeil | Đánh lừa thị giác | Visual illusion in art, especially as used to trick the eye into perceiving a painted detail as a three-dimensional object. |
In addition to techniques, artists also work with a wide range of mediums. These can include traditional materials such as oil paint, watercolor, charcoal, and clay, as well as more modern materials such as digital media and found objects.
Each medium has its own unique properties and challenges, and artists often choose their mediums based on their desired effects and personal preferences. Understanding the various techniques and mediums used in art is essential for appreciating the diversity and complexity of artistic expression.
Mediums (Chất liệu):
| English | Vietnamese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Acrylic | Sơn acrylic | Fast-drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. |
| Charcoal | Than chì | A porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon. |
| Egg tempera | Màu keo trứng | A permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium. |
| Gouache | Màu nước đục | A method of painting using opaque pigments ground in water. |
| Ink | Mực | A colored fluid used for writing, drawing, printing, or painting. |
| Oil paint | Sơn dầu | A type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying oil. |
| Pastel | Phấn tiên | An art medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder. |
| Watercolor | Màu nước | A painting method using pigments suspended in a water-based solution. |
Art Movements and Styles
Art movements and styles are important concepts in the world of art, as they provide a framework for understanding the historical and cultural context of artworks. Art movements are periods of time in which artists shared similar ideas and approaches to art-making.
These movements often reflect broader social, political, and philosophical changes, and they can have a significant impact on the development of art. Some well-known art movements include Impressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism.
Art Movements & Styles (Trường phái và Phong cách Nghệ thuật):
| English | Vietnamese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Abstract Expressionism | Trừu tượng biểu hiện | Post-World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. |
| Art Deco | Art Deco | Popular design style of the 1920s and 1930s characterized by its geometric shapes and streamlined forms. |
| Art Nouveau | Art Nouveau | An international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| Baroque | Baroque | European art movement of the 17th and early 18th centuries characterized by extravagance and emotional intensity. |
| Bauhaus | Bauhaus | A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators. |
| Classicism | Chủ nghĩa cổ điển | The following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship. |
| Cubism | Lập thể | Early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes. |
| Dadaism | Dada | An early 20th century international movement in art, literature, music, and film, repudiating and mocking artistic and social conventions. |
| Expressionism | Chủ nghĩa biểu hiện | A style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the external world. |
| Fauvism | Dã thú | A style of painting with vivid expressionistic and non-naturalistic use of color. |
| Gothic | Gothic | The style of architecture prevalent in western Europe in the 12th–16th centuries, characterized by pointed arches, rib vaults, Ấn tượng |
| Minimalism | Tối giản | An art movement in sculpture and painting that arose in the 1950s and used simple, typically massive, forms. |
| Pop Art | Nghệ thuật đại chúng | An art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid-1950s, drawing inspiration from sources in popular and commercial culture. |
| Post-Impressionism | Hậu ấn tượng | The work or style of a varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. |
| Realism | Hiện thực | The attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly. |
| Renaissance | Phục hưng | The revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries. |
| Romanticism | Lãng mạn | A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. |
| Surrealism | Siêu thực | A 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind. |
Within each art movement, there are also various styles that artists may adopt. Styles refer to the specific visual characteristics and techniques that define a particular artist or group of artists. For example, within the Impressionist movement, there are different styles associated with artists such as Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
Understanding art movements and styles is essential for placing artworks within their historical and cultural context, as well as for recognizing the diverse range of artistic expression throughout history.
Color Theory and Composition
Color theory is a fundamental concept in art that explores the principles of color mixing and interaction. Understanding color theory allows artists to create harmonious and visually appealing compositions. The primary colors—red, blue, and yellow—form the basis for all other colors through mixing and blending.
Secondary colors are created by mixing two primary colors together, while tertiary colors are created by mixing a primary color with a secondary color. In addition to these basic principles, color theory also encompasses concepts such as hue, value, saturation, and temperature.
Color Theory (Lý thuyết Màu sắc):
| English | Vietnamese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hue | Sắc màu | The name of a color (e.g., red, green, blue). |
| Value | Giá trị | The lightness or darkness of a color. |
| Saturation | Độ bão hòa | The intensity or purity of a color. |
| Primary Colors | Màu cơ bản | Red, yellow, and blue; the colors from which all other colors can be mixed. |
| Secondary Colors | Màu thứ cấp | Green, orange, and purple; created by mixing two primary colors. |
| Tertiary Colors | Màu cấp ba | Created by mixing a primary and secondary color (e.g., yellow-orange, red-orange). |
| Complementary Colors | Màu bổ sung | Colors opposite each other on the color wheel (e.g., red and green). |
| Analogous Colors | Màu tương tự | Colors next to each other on the color wheel (e.g., blue, blue-green, green). |
| Warm Colors | Màu nóng | Colors associated with warmth (e.g., red, orange, yellow). |
| Cool Colors | Màu lạnh | Colors associated with coolness (e.g., blue, green, purple). |
| Color Harmony | Sự hài hòa màu sắc | The pleasing arrangement of colors in a composition. |
| Monochromatic | Đơn sắc | A color scheme using only one hue and its values and shades. |
Composition is another important aspect of art that refers to the arrangement of visual elements within an artwork. This includes considerations such as balance, contrast, rhythm, and focal points. Artists use composition to guide the viewer’s eye through the artwork and create a sense of unity and coherence.
Understanding color theory and composition is essential for appreciating the visual impact of artworks and for analyzing how artists use these elements to convey meaning and emotion.
Art History and Influential Artists
Art history is the study of the development of visual art throughout time. It encompasses a wide range of periods, styles, movements, and artists from around the world. Understanding art history provides insight into the cultural, social, and political contexts in which artworks were created, as well as the evolution of artistic techniques and ideas. Some key periods in art history include the Renaissance, Baroque, Romanticism, Modernism, and Postmodernism.
In addition to understanding art history as a whole, it is also important to be familiar with influential artists who have made significant contributions to the field. These artists have shaped the course of art history through their innovative ideas, techniques, and styles. Some well-known influential artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Frida Kahlo, and Andy Warhol. Studying art history and influential artists provides a deeper appreciation for the rich diversity of artistic expression throughout time.
Composition (Bố cục):
| English | Vietnamese | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rule of Thirds | Quy tắc một phần ba | A guideline suggesting that an image should be divided into nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal lines and two equally-spaced vertical lines, and that important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections. |
| Golden Ratio | Tỷ lệ vàng | A mathematical ratio commonly found in nature, often used to create pleasing and balanced compositions. |
| Focal Point | Điểm nhấn | The center of interest in a composition, where the viewer’s eye is drawn to first. |
| Balance | Cân bằng | The distribution of visual weight in a composition. |
| Movement | Chuyển động | The path the viewer’s eye takes through a composition, often leading to the focal point. |
| Rhythm | Nhịp điệu | A visual tempo or beat created by the repetition of elements in a composition. |
| Unity | Thống nhất | The sense of harmony and wholeness in a composition. |
| Variety | Sự đa dạng | The use of different elements in a composition to create visual interest. |
| Contrast | Tương phản | The juxtaposition of different elements (e.g., light and dark, rough and smooth) to create visual interest. |
Exhibition and Gallery Terms
Exhibitions are events where artworks are displayed for public viewing. They can take place in galleries, museums, art fairs, or other cultural institutions. Understanding exhibition terms is important for navigating these events and understanding how artworks are presented to the public.
Some common exhibition terms include curator, installation, opening reception, artist talk, catalogue, and artist statement. These terms provide insight into the behind-the-scenes work that goes into organizing exhibitions and presenting artworks to audiences.
| English Term | Vietnamese Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Exhibition | Triển lãm | A public display of works of art or other items of interest. |
| Gallery | Phòng trưng bày | A room or building for the display or sale of works of art. |
| Curator | Người phụ trách | A person in charge of a museum, gallery, or other collection. |
| Artist | Nghệ sĩ | A person who creates works of art. |
| Artwork | Tác phẩm nghệ thuật | A piece of art, such as a painting or sculpture. |
| Collection | Bộ sưu tập | A group of objects or works of art gathered together. |
| Installation | Tác phẩm sắp đặt | A work of art made for a specific location and often involving the environment. |
| Vernissage | Buổi khai mạc | The opening of an art exhibition. |
| Private View | Buổi xem riêng | An invitation-only viewing of an exhibition before it opens to the public. |
| Catalogue | Danh mục triển lãm | A book or pamphlet listing and describing the items in an exhibition. |
| Opening Hours | Giờ mở cửa | The times when a gallery or museum is open to the public. |
| Admission Fee | Phí vào cửa | The cost of entering an exhibition or museum. |
| Guided Tour | Chuyến tham quan có hướng dẫn | A tour of an exhibition led by a knowledgeable guide. |
| Permanent Collection | Bộ sưu tập thường trực | A collection of works of art that are on display permanently. |
| Temporary Exhibition | Triển lãm tạm thời | An exhibition that is on display for a limited time. |
Galleries are spaces dedicated to showcasing artworks for sale or public viewing. They play a crucial role in supporting artists and connecting them with collectors and audiences. Understanding gallery terms is important for anyone interested in buying or selling art or working in the art world.
Some common gallery terms include representation, commission, consignment, inventory, artist contract, and artist residency. These terms provide insight into the business side of the art world and how artists work with galleries to promote their work.
Business and Marketing in the Art World
The art world is not only about creating and appreciating art; it also involves business and marketing aspects that are essential for supporting artists and sustaining cultural institutions. Business terms in the art world include pricing strategies, sales channels, contracts, copyright laws, insurance, taxes, and artist royalties.
Understanding these terms is important for artists who want to make a living from their work or for anyone interested in working in arts administration or management.
| English Term | Vietnamese Term | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Art Market | Thị trường nghệ thuật | The economic system in which works of art are bought and sold. |
| Art Dealer | Người buôn bán tác phẩm nghệ thuật | A person or company that buys and sells works of art. |
| Auction House | Nhà đấu giá | A company that conducts auctions of works of art. |
| Appraisal | Thẩm định | An expert assessment of the value of a work of art. |
| Provenance | Nguồn gốc | The history of ownership of a work of art. |
| Consignment | Ký gửi | The act of placing a work of art with an art dealer or auction house for sale. |
| Commission | Tiền hoa hồng | A fee paid to an art dealer or auction house for selling a work of art. |
| Art Fair | Hội chợ nghệ thuật | A large exhibition of works of art from multiple galleries and dealers. |
| Art Consultant | Tư vấn nghệ thuật | A professional who advises clients on buying, selling, or collecting art. |
| Art Investment | Đầu tư nghệ thuật | The purchase of works of art as a financial investment. |
| Art Fund | Quỹ đầu tư nghệ thuật | A type of investment fund that invests in works of art. |
| Art Marketing | Tiếp thị nghệ thuật | The promotion and advertising of works of art and artists. |
| Art PR | Quan hệ công chúng nghệ thuật | The management of public relations for artists and art institutions. |
| Art Branding | Xây dựng thương hiệu nghệ thuật | The creation and management of a brand identity for an artist or art institution. |
Marketing is another crucial aspect of the art world that involves promoting artworks and cultural events to audiences. Marketing terms in the art world include branding, social media strategy, public relations, audience development, sponsorship, advertising, and audience engagement. Understanding these terms is important for galleries, museums, cultural organizations, and individual artists who want to reach wider audiences and connect with potential buyers or supporters.
Conclusion
In conclusion, art terminology encompasses a wide range of concepts that are essential for understanding and appreciating the world of art. From basic elements such as line and color to more complex ideas such as art movements and marketing strategies, having a solid grasp of art terminology is crucial for anyone interested in the field.
Whether you are an artist looking to expand your skills or a collector wanting to deepen your understanding of artworks, studying art terminology provides valuable insights into the rich diversity of artistic expression throughout history.
Originally posted 2024-06-11 18:19:54.